Causes of Eating Disorders - 643 Words

Causes of eating disorders. The things that are contributing greatly to the increase of eating disorders is the media. Many teenagers grow up being influenced by magazines, movies, and models and they think that the only way that society will accept them is if they look exactly like those people. They have the fear of becoming fat and being bullied. These kids are genuinely scared to grow up and have to face body changes. there is also the other part of these disorders. Not all people who have an eating disorder are skinny. There are also those who eat because they are stressed or have a low self esteem. They are influenced by their parents. So that means that if their parents have the habit of always eating or not eating, the children will pick up those same customs. Sometimes there are kids who are physically or sexually abused and that causes them to look for comfort in food or just decide to not eat properly. Fashion Statement The media has done a tremendously great job at advertising how the â€Å"ideal† male or female should look. According to each era, this meaning has drastically changed. For example, the 1950’s thought that the perfect woman was curvy and had an hourglass figure like Marilyn Monroe, Diana Dors and Betty Grable. They did not think that â€Å"skinny† guys or girls were attractive. For the past 25 years, it has been considered â€Å"fashionable† to be tall and skinny. An example of this is Kate Moss’ famous quote â€Å"Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels†. She is aShow MoreRelatedThe Causes of Eating Disorders 1295 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders have been around for well over a century, and affect tons of people around your neighborhood, town, county, state, or even country that walk, talk, and act just like you. The two big dogs of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which affect young boys and girls alike tha t cannot control their feelings when it comes to food. Some decide that food is not their thing, which is known as anorexia; and, some people have a love/hate relationship with food, better knownRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Eating Disorders1608 Words   |  7 Pages The eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological life threatening disorders that are becoming more common in today’s society. When an eating disorder is developed, the victim is not always aware of the oral consequences he or she will have to endure. This review of research indicates the risks and consequences associated with eating disorders and oral health. Introduction It is estimated that up to 24 million Americans suffer from serious eating disorders suchRead More The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead More Cause of Eating Disorders Essays877 Words   |  4 PagesCause of Eating Disorders In America, today we often hear of people who suffer from illness such as cancer, aids etc. what we often don’t hear about is the illness that effects a lot of people each year that being eating disorders. Whenever I hear about eating disorders it remains me of one of my cousin who had suffered from anorexia. It all started when her family and acquaintances started to say that she was fat and chubby. In her family everyone is very slim and tall so her brothersRead More The Causes of Eating Disorders Essay1994 Words   |  8 PagesThe Causes of Eating Disorders There is no single cause for eating disorders. A number of factors, including cultural and family pressures, chemical imbalances, and emotional and personality disorders collaborate to produce both anorexia and bulimia, although each disorder is determined by different combinations of these influences. Genetics may also play a small role. Between 40% to 96% of all eating-disordered patients experience depression and anxiety disorders; depression is also commonRead MoreCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that700 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that cause people to maintain focus on only their diet and weight. Some prime examples of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating. Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder where people are so focused on their weight that they refuse to eat or eat as little as possible, bulimia nervosa is similar to anorexia except instead of eating so little people binge eat and then forceRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Binge Eating Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pagessound fun to you? Life is difficult without having an eating disorder. Growing up eating everything I could get my hands on caused health problems for me now that I am older. Binge eating and anorexia are serious eating disorders that cause physical, behavioral, and psychological problems. The most common disorder is binge eating. Binge eating disorder (BED) is consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time. People find that over eating is a comfort zone for them. The problems AmericansRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Eating Disorders1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe distinctions between eating disorders can be complex. While anorexia and bulimia may have some issues in common, other factors make them distinct. For parents, trying to understand the differences can be crucial. Early detection and proper treatment significantly improve the chances for a child to recover. Bulimia and anorexia are both very dangerous, and can be life threatening. Both are very common among teens and young adults. Eating disorders are becoming more familiar for this generationRead MoreThe Causes Of Eating Disorders In College Women1444 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders in College Women Bingeing. Purging. Calorie counting. Excessive exercising. These are actions that are most commonly associated with eating disorders, which are psychological conditions affecting an individual’s eating habits. Though these conditions can appear in any age or gender group, they tend to be most prevalent in adolescent women. A large population of these young women happen to be college students dealing with problems such as body image issues, food insecurity, andRead MoreEating Disorders Looking Mainly At Their Causes1387 Words   |  6 PagesFor this paper, I chose to focus on eating disorders looking mainly at their causes. Based on personal experience, I feel that these disorders are stereotyped very heavily in our society, and that public awareness of their causes lacking. Growing up I was always very thin, due to a high metabolism and a small bone structure; traits which ran in my family. Many times, people would make fun of me and even call me anorexic. However, I was no t anorexic or bulimic, I was just a thin child, and am still

Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(39) " on board could non last the accident\." About five hundred old ages back, the sum of clip required to go a thousand stat mi was more than yearss and sometimes even months. Back so, the ordinary people used to go by pes and merely the rich could afford carnal driven carts. This wastage of clip was reduced by the debut of engine powered autos and trains. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though these vehicles were faster than the carnal driven carts, it still took yearss to go around 1000 stat mis. Therefore another agency of transit had to be invented by which this clip wastage could be diminished. Thus the Wright brother ‘s was able to do the first plane, which could go much faster than the trains and autos. Thus the clip required to go was drastically decreased by the innovation of planes. Due to the immense progresss in engineering in the twenty-first century, there are planes that can go even faster than sound. These planes take less than an hr to go more than thousand stat mis. Travel by the agencies of air has become the most fastest and common method of conveyance particularly for great distances. At the present state of affairs, we can go around the universe in less than a twenty-four hours unlike the yesteryear when it used to take months to make so. Therefore we can now go anyplace in the universe by the clip we have a little sleep and a java. But as in most instances of technological promotions, we can non accomplish such great effort without a monetary value. One such monetary value we had to pay over and over once more is the lives of the person that was lost in the legion aeroplane clangs we had of all time since we started utilizing the aeroplane. The aeroplane clangs have claimed oven 10 thousand lives in the last decennary in over 1800 accidents. Though the figure of accidents has been reduced to half the figure a decennary back, the figure of decease tolls has n’t decreased much. This is because as the engineering increased, the figure of riders on a flight additions. Earlier merely about 100 people could go in a plane and now there are flights that can suit more than 500. Thus the figure of riders involved in one accident increased and even though there are fewer accidents, two or three are adequate to take more than 1000 lives. Aviation human deaths have existed since the clip of the innovation of planes. The first of it happening on one of the theoretical accounts of the Wright brothers doing decease of a rider on board and hurts to Orville Wright himself. Get downing that incident certain safety characteristics were added to the plane in order to cut down accidents. The air power safety equipment industry has become a really large one and now is a billion-dollar industry on its ain. The air power safety has improved significantly over the past hundred old ages of its execution. Over the last few old ages more than 95 % of the people in U.S. plane clangs have survived as a consequence of the new safety characteristics introduced in them. One of the most terrific air power accidents was the Tenerife incident. It is the catastrophe that has caused the highest figure of human deaths. More than five 100 50 people died in this catastrophe. This occurred when a KLM Boing 747 collided with a Pan Am747 at Los Rodeos Airport in Spain. The cause of the clang was the pilot ‘s mistake. The pilot of the KLM flight attempted to takeoff without clearance and collided with the taxiing Pan American flight. This incident was wholly the error on the side of the pilot but there are certain 1s that are besides caused due to mechanical failure. The clang of the JAL Flight 123 was one such instance. About five 100s 20 were dead in this accident when the aircraft underwent an explosive decompression due to an falsely repaired aft force per unit area bulkhead. This occurred in mid flight and destroyed most of the flights perpendicular stabilizer. This besides severed all of the hydraulic lines, doing it virtually unmanageable. In this instance the pilots were more experience but their experience could merely maintain the plane winging for a few more. The plane eventually crashed into a mountain doing it the single-aircraft catastrophe with the most figure of human deaths. This was a instance of chiefly mechanical jobs and non the pilot ‘s mistake. The debut of the airborne hit turning away system was done after the 1996 Chakhri Dadri mid-air hit. In this accident a Saudia Flight 763 crashed on an Air Kazakhstan flight 1907 when the Kazakh pilot was winging lower than the height he was given clearance to. This accident claimed 349 lives, which includes all the crew and riders aboard both the flights. The airborne hit turning away system gives information about any aircrafts or winging objects nearby thereby assisting the pilot to alter its class in order to forestall hit. As the engineering became advanced, the velocity with which the aircrafts could wing increased every bit good as the safety characteristics required to go at those velocities. One of the greatest planes of all time made was the Concorde. It was considered as an air power icon and an technology wonder. This aeroplane was powered by a fanjet engine, which made it possible for it to go faster than sound. This supersonic rider plane made the clip required to go to any topographic point half the current clip required. The production of these planes was stopped shortly after the Air France flight 4590 ‘s clang. This was a Concorde flight scheduled from Charles de Gaulle airdrome to JKF airdrome. It crashed into a hotel in Gonesse, France shortly after its takeoff. All nine crewmembers and one hundred riders on board could non last the accident. You read "Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" This incident took topographic point due to a con catenation of mistakes and the chief one being transcending the maximal takeoff weight bound. This bound was non exceeded by a little sum but by a ton. Though the flight could hold handled this inordinate weight, the flight could non takeoff decently because the centre of gravitation of the whole weight was concentrated on the rear of the flight. Besides a Ti metal strip fell out of a Continental Air flight during takeoff five proceedingss before the takeoff this flight. The runway staff did non make the necessary measure to inspect the track and take this seventeen-inch long dust. It was a portion of the protocol for Concorde takeoff readying that the track should be inspected before takeoff. As a consequence of this debris lying on the track, it cut a Sur of the Concorde flight tearing it. Due to the centripetal forces, a piece from the Sur that weighed ten lbs struck the bottom of the aircrafts flying construction with velocity more than 300 miles per hour. Though this did non straight tear any fuel armored combat vehicles, it send out a force per unit area moving ridge doing one of its fuel armored combat vehicle to tear at its weakest point. This was the fuel armored combat vehicle that was overfilled before during fuel transportation. Either the electric discharge of the landing cogwheel or some severed electric overseas telegram ignited the leaking fuel. Due to this fire, both engine one and two surged and lost all its power. But after a few seconds, engine one recovered but a big fire was developed around the 2nd engine. Thus the First Engineer had to close down the engine two in order to forestall spreading of fire. Since the flight had crossed the minimal velocity to takeoff, the crew continued takeoff, but the crew was non able to make so decently with the staying three engines as the cut off overseas telegrams prevented the abjuration of the undercarriage. Thus the plane could non derive a velocity more than 200 knots and a maximal height of 200 foot. The increasing fire caused the wing to disintegrate due to highly high temperature. The Engine one surged once more but failed to retrieve this clip. Due to the uneven push on the flight, the flight started to bank to one side for more than 100 grades. The crew seeking to level the plane, slowed down the other two engines. This caused the flight to free it airspeed and made it impossible for the crew to command it and the plane started to procrastinate and accordingly clang. After this clang, the usage of Concorde flights for rider transit was stopped until the probe of this instance was done. The people to be held responsible were the land staf fs who were responsible to do certain that the track was clear. â€Å" Experts claim the supersonic aircraft hit a piece of isolated Ti from another aircraft, puncturing its Sur which set off a concatenation reaction that caused the catastrophe. â€Å" ( Airline Industry Information, 2004 ) . If the land staff would hold done review decently, the whole catastrophe could hold been prevented. Another incident occurred when the Uruguayan Air Force flight 571 transporting 45 people, including a rugger squad crashed into Andes. More than 10 people died in the clang and some others by the hurts and the cold conditions. But the remainder was rescued after 70 yearss of this incident. This accident was because of the bad conditions, which restricted the flight of the plane above 30000 pess. Besides the whole country of the mountains was covered in clouds, which lowered the visibleness of the pilot. Due to low visibleness the plane crashed into a extremum, which caused wreckage to one of its wings thereby taking the control out of the pilot and crashing the plane. Though the pilot was non cognizant of these state of affairss, the copilot was. â€Å" The pilot had non been winging the plane, but the co-pilot had crossed the Andes before. † ( Read, 1975 ) . The co-pilot still could non salvage the plane but made his best to make so. One of the accidents that has been caused due to mechanical failures and no crew could hold avoided was the Valujet Flight 592 incident. It claimed 110 lives in that accident. This was because of some expired O generators place in the lading compartment by the care contractors of Valujet. There was a little fire in the lading compartment and harmonizing to normal processs the fire would hold extinguished itself as this was an air-tight compartment and every bit shortly as the O supply in this compartment was finished, the fire would snuff out itself. But the O generators produced more O doing the fire to increase and get away that compartment. This caused a force per unit area difference aboard and made the pilot free his control. The Fire eventually spread throughout the plane. This was n’t the mistake of the crewmembers but the mistake of the care company. â€Å" No air hose forces made any errors in the operation of the plane ; an O generator accident could hold occurred o n any air hose. In short, ValuJet was below the belt criticized for an accident that had nil to make with the operation of the plane. â€Å" ( Cobb, 2003 ) Not merely mechanical failure and pilot mistake, but besides the Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act has proved to be one of the major causes of air clangs. One of the major victims of the terrorist onslaught was the Air India flight 182. This plane crashed off the southwest seashore of Ireland when a bomb held in the lading went away. Everyone aboard the flight died including 22 crewmembers doing a sum of 329. This was the act of the Sikh extremists revenging the onslaught of the authorities on the Golden Temple. The bomb was kept in a bag of a rider who did non board the flight but his luggage did. Thereafter this event certain security steps were maid to guarantee that the luggage ‘s of any individual non going was to be offloaded of the plane before its takeoff. The terrorist bombardment of the Pan American flight 103 in Scotland which claimed the lives of 243 riders, 16 crew and 11 people on the land made the security regulations mandatory in all American flights winging out of the 103 airdromes in the Western Europe and Middle East. New stairss such as X-radiation or physically analyzing all the checkered luggage and besides to increase the showing of the riders. The governments argued that though it may be a waste of clip but still safety has its value. In fact all the promotions in safety through regulations and ordinances have come merely as a consequence of loss of legion lives and if farther promotions have to be made, it ca n’t be done without farther loss of life. Another major air power catastrophe occurred when the American Airlines flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor vicinity of Queens, New York. The flight had merely departed the JFK international airdrome and the accident occurred when the first officer overused the rudder in response to wake turbulency from a Japan Airlines 747. It claimed the lives of all 260 people on board and besides five people on land. This was another accident caused due to human carelessness. A similar state of affairs was at that place aboard the Egypt air flight 990 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean in the international Waterss. Harmonizing to the study given by the National Transportation Safety Board, the pilot intentionally plunge the aircraft into the H2O. But the Egyptians deny this decision and say that it was a mechanical failure. Although if we look at these accidents late we can see they were largely caused by bad determinations made by worlds. So this brings up the inquiry, is it the planes or the pilots that are more unsafe? As we can see from the old paragraph, most of the crashes/accidents that happened will non go on once more as necessary safety safeguards have been made and the flights are equipped with certain new devices in order to forestall most of the accidents mentioned before. Equally far as the instance of human mistakes, the planes are fitted with machine-controlled systems wherever possible but still there are certain countries where the unreal intelligence is non plenty. Therefore it is right now non possible to take the human portion from the control of the flights. Possibly in future there may be a possibility of human less aircrafts. There are certain clangs caused due to miss of concentration of the pilots. This is when pilots with immense experience do non care much and feel overconfident. One such instance was in 2007, when two Air Patrol pilots with a sum of 53,000 hours experience crashed onto 8000-foot mountain. This happened when one of the pilots was demoing the other a presentation of the plane itself. He did non be after the path in front and did non pay concentration to the terrains in that country. This besides happens to some of the new pilots. Some of the inexperient pilots do non stay by the regulations and cause clangs. Besides distractions cause the pilots to divert from the program and may do the plane to clang. It is most frequently the sloppiness of the pilots that cause the lives of many. † Pilots sometimes skip flight planning and abbreviate checklists when they are â€Å" merely making a short hop. † ( Hopkins, 2012 ) How to cite Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Zingalamaduni free essay sample

Zingalamaduni by definition means a beehive of culture. That is exactly what this album is a beehive of culture! After listening to their first album, 3 Years, 5 Months, 2 Days in the Life of I never thought that Arrested Development could top it, but hey a persons entitled to be wrong at least once in life. This album is set up as if the songs were being played on the radio. Baba Oje (the groups spiritual advisor and oldest member) starts the album with a wake-up call from a DJ who basically introduces the album. Arrested Developments songs are filled with positive energy, anti-racism, pro-nature and spirituality. Songs like United Minds, United Front, and Pride are about unity. Mister Landlord is about racism, while songs like In The Sunshine and Praisin U are about being with Earth and thanking God and asking to be His disciple. There are many other great songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Zingalamaduni or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This album is definitely for anyone who loved Arrested Developments first album!! .

Mongol and Mali Empire Compare and Contrast free essay sample

Even though the Mongol Empire and the Mali Empire were on to separate continents they had key idea in the rise of their empire that resembled each other. The Mali and the Mongol empire both raised their empires on the sense of religious tolerance and they both accomplished cultural growth through trade. However they differed with their use of violence as a method of conquering and their origins. The rise of the Mongol and the Mali Empire were similar in their sense on religious tolerance. In Mali, even though the king was Islam the other traditional religions of the people were still accepted. In the Mongol empire all religions were accepted with no exceptions. This happened because it prevented conquered lands from revolting out of hatred. This allowed people to practice freely and without force. Another similarity in the rise of the Mongol Empire and the Mali Empire was their cultural development through trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Mongol and Mali Empire Compare and Contrast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Mongol Empire controlled the Silk roads and therefore became a center of trade since as they controlled where massive trading between cultures took place. The Mali Empire was a major source and trade hub of gold. This allowed them to trade with Islamic people and eventually adopted Islam as a predominant religion. In addition to similarities the Mongol Empire and the Mali Empire differed in their rise with the use of violence as methods of conquering. Unlike the Mali Empire which had peaceful methods of rise, the Mongolian Empire’s army was brutal and was much more influential and forceful in establishing their empire. As an effect of the Mongol empire being ruled by Genghis Khan other civilizations experienced destruction as a part of the Mongol method of conquering. Furthermore, a difference that distinguished the rise of the Mongol Empire was their origins. The Mongol Empire originated as Barbarians. Their way of life known as nomadism gave them the rise to imperial expansion. Mali on the other hand was founded by Sundiata in 1235 from an earlier indigenous African dynasty that had earlier adopted Islam through peaceful influence if Muslim merchants and scholars. In conclusion, the rise of the Mongol and the Mali Empire faced similarities in which they both raised their empires on the sense of religious tolerance and they both accomplished cultural growth through trade. They differed with their use of violence as a method of conquering and their origins. Even with differences both developed to be very influential and powerful empires.

Johnson Johnson

Johnson Johnson JOHNSON JOHNSONJJ presents us a very unique situation in that it has been able to maintain a decentralized organization even in the face of very rapid growth. The issue at hand, is in fact, managing further growth of the organization while still maintaining the unity of JJ.The success of the corporation has developed by following fundamental philosophies that have guided JJ since its inception. At the core of this philosophy we find three main components: firstly, the company's credo, which emphasizes the adherence to ethical principles of behavior, secondly, avoiding to become "a large and ponderous organization", and lastly, long term commitmentHowever, we find there are new emerging problems that threaten the current integrity of the company's structure. Namely, we find there are operational problems creeping up to the executive committee level. JJ would like to keep its executive committee from dealing with operational issues; yet, on the other hand, there exists the problem of too many existing layers of decision making between the operating manager and this committee.English: Minsk CIS executive committee building vi...ANALYSISA Visionary CompanyIn our view, JJ fits into the category of a visionary company, such as premier in industry, widely admired, made an indelible print in the world we live in, multiple products and life cycle. Nevertheless, we would like to add to the list, the characteristic of adapting successfully to the environment and the demands for growthJJ started as a company focused on the sale and manufacturing of medical pharmaceutical, surgical, and antiseptic specialties and analgesic goods in 1887. In 1982 the expansion of their products has grouped them in four major categories: consumer; professional; ethical pharmaceutical; and industrial. The key to this enormous expansion has been the success of each new product launched, from which we can induce, they have been able...

Isoelectronic Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Isoelectronic Definition - Chemistry Glossary Isoelectronic refers to two atoms, ions or molecules that have the same electronic structure and the same number of valence electrons. The term means equal electric or equal charge. Isoelectronic chemical species typically display similar chemical properties. Atoms or ions with the same electronic configurations are said to be isoelectronic to each other or to have the same isoelectronicity. Related Terms: Isoelectronicity, Valence-Isoelectronic Isoelectronic Examples The K ion is isoelectronic with the Ca2 ion. The carbon monoxide molecule (CO) is isoelectronic to nitrogen gas (N2) and NO. CH2CO is isoelectronic to CH2NN. CH3COCH3 and CH3NNCH3 are not isoelectronic. They have the same number of electrons, but different electron structures. The amino acids cysteine, serine, tellurocysteine, and selenocysteine are isoelectronic, at least with respect to valence electrons. More Examples of Isoelectronic Ions and Elements Isoelectronic Ions/Elements Electron Configuration He, Li+ 1s2 He, Be2+ 1s2 Ne, F- 1s2 2s2 2p6 Na+, Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 K, Ca2+ [Ne]4s1 Ar, S2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 S2-, P3- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Uses of Isoelectronicity Isoelectronicity may be used to predict the properties and reactions of a species. It is used to identify hydrogen-like atoms, which have one valence electron and are thus isoelectronic to hydrogen. The concept may be applied to predict or identify unknown or rare compounds based on their electronic resemblance to known species.

How to Calculate the Broadcast Address Assignment - 1

How to Calculate the Broadcast Address - Assignment Example Now you have to right click on the adapter and go to properties option. The Networking tab would be opened, not please select Internet Protocol version 4, press properties button. Please enter the IP address in the respective textbox 12.2.201.2, due to class ‘A’ network, the subnet mask would automatically be filled as 255.0.0.0. Â  The given IP address 211.106.32.0 falls into the class C range and the subnet mask of the Class C range is 255.255.255.0. We need to subclass the subnet mask 255.255.255.224, its equivalent bitmask in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 (FF.FF.FF.E0). The next network address can be calculated as the first three parts 11111111.11111111.11111111 does not change; therefore the network address would be 211.106.32.32. Moreover, the broadcast address would be 211.106.32.63 (Answer), as the last IP in the subnet is ‘00111111’ equivalent to 63. It is calculated as the broadcast address = IP address | (! Subnet). In other words, you need the IP address or (operator) the inverted subnet (Pean, 2002). Â  The given IP address 131.34.0.0 belongs to class B (range of class B is 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 total 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks). Keeping in view the given IP address, the range of the given host IPs is from 131.34.0.1 to 131.34.15.254, this becomes total 4096 IP addresses that also include network and broadcast addresses. The three ranges can include from 131.34.16.0 to 131.34.31.255, the second range can be from 131.34.32.0 to 131.34.47.255, the third and the final range can be from 131.34.240.0 to 131.34.255.255. Â  The bitmask of the given subnet mask 255.255.255.192 is FF.FF.FF.C0 (192 = C0, where C=1100, and 0=0000) and the IP address 152.19.0.0 belongs to Class B.

Market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Market research - Essay Example Marketing research often specifies the required information to address some of these issues, designs of proper methodology for collecting information, management and implementation of the data gathering process, analysis of the results, as well as the aspect of communicating the ultimate findings and implications (McNulty, 2014). Market research generally has to do with systematic act of recording, gathering and analysing of quantitative and quantitative data involving issues that relates to marketing of goods and services. The main objective of this element is the identification and assessment of the changing marketing mix and customer elements (Inc. (Firm), 2014). Market research is mainly concerned particularly with the general market perspectives and processes. Customer marketing research usually refers to a form of functional sociology that lays its major concentration on greater understanding of the attitudes, preferences, and the consumers’ behaviours within each and every market-based economy. The main aim is the element of trying to understand the comparative success and impacts of various marketing campaigns (Inc. (Firm), 2014). The main task with regards to marketing research is the provision of proper management with accurate, relevant, valid, reliable and latest information. This often works towards solving various marketing issues that emerge mainly due to competition within the marketing environment. Competitive environment, together with an ever-increasing cost that are often attributed to the aspect of inadequate decision making techniques that needs the marketing research to offer sound information (Inc. (Firm), 2014). The basis of intuition, gut feeling or pure judgment should not be involved when it comes to the aspect of making sound decisions. Marketing managers often make various tactical

Greek Mythology and Athena Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology and Athena Essay 1. True myth is primarily concerned with: a. the gods b. wars c. heroes d. animals 2. What does Athena offer to Athens in her contest with Poseidon? a. the knowledge of weaving b. the olive tree c. victory in battle d. wisdom 3. What goddess does Iris usually serve? a. Athena b. Aphrodite c. Artemis d. Hera 4. With what goddess is Hephaestus often associated through practical wisdom, arts and crafts, and the advance of civilization? a. Hera b. Artemis c. Athena d. Aphrodite 5. Which goddess is not one of the three goddesses that Aphrodite was unable to overpower? a. Demeter b. Artemis c. Athena d. Hestia 6. Why did Gaia punish Uranus? a. He killed their children as soon as they were born. b. He refused to lie with Gaia when she came to him. c. He refused to allow their children to leave the womb of earth. d. He wanted Themis to take her mothers place. 7. What animal is Athena most closely identified with? a. the owl b. the dolphin c. the spider d. the lion 8. Aphrodite Pandemos means which of the following? a. Celestial Aphrodite b. Common Aphrodite c. Genital Aphrodite d. Lustful Aphrodite 9. What Trojan youth did Zeus carry off to become cupbearer of the gods? a. Hebe b. Ganymede c. Hector d. Paris 10. What does the word chthonic or cthonian mean? a. pertaining to the sea b. having to do with the earth c. related to the sky d. characteristic of the citadel 11. Who wrote the Theogony? a. Homer b. Hesiod c. Vergil d. Ovid 12. Whom did Poseidon mate with in the form of a stallion? a. Demeter b. Medusa c. Amphitrite d. Scylla 13. Who wrote the Prometheus Bound? a. Ovid b. Euripides c. Aeschylus d. Plato 14. Which of the following is not an epithet of Athena? a. Pallas b. Glaukopis c. Metis d. Tritogeneia 15. Who is the consort of Poseidon? a. Galatea b. Scylla c. Amphitrite d. Thetis 16. Who is the hunter that caught Artemis bathing? a. Orion b. Arcas c. Actaeon d. Tityos 17. Which best describes an etiological interpretation of myth? a. It attempts to see myth as a metaphor. b. It attempts to understand myth in terms of an underlying ritual. c. It attempts to see myth as a pre-scientific mode of explanation. d. It attempts to uncover the historical kernel behind all myth. 18. In some versions of her birth, who is the mother of Aphrodite? a. Ge b. Hera c. Cybele d. Dione 19. Who will eventually rescue Prometheus from his sufferings? a. Heracles b. Perseus c. Zeus d. Achilles 20. What god gave Theseus three curses? a. Zeus b. Apollo c. Proteus d. Poseidon 21. What is the name of the guardian that was set over Io? a. Charon b. Cerberus c. Hermes d. Argus 22. Who wrote the Hippolytus? a. Sophocles b. Euripides c. Aeschylus d. Seneca 23. Who at times appears as the particular servant of Hera? a. Hermes b. Hestia c. Iris d. Diana 24. What is the name of the Graces, who attend Aphrodite? a. the Horae b. the Moirae c. the Charites d. the Graeae 25. What did Artemis promise Hippolytus as he lay dying? a. She will raise him from the dead. b. She will grant him a place in Elysium. c. She will punish a favorite of Aphrodite. d. She will punish Theseus for his curse. 26. What goddesses does Hesiod invoke at the beginning of the Theogony? a. the Fates b. the Graces c. the Muses d. the Sirens 27. With whom does Athena share her function as a deity of war? a. Apollo b. Hephaestus c. Ares d. Mercury 28. What is the hallmark of the Greek conception of the Olympians? a. animism b. theriomorphism c. anthropomorphism d. monotheism 29. Who is the mother of Zeus? a. Ge b. Rhea c. Gaea d. Cybele 30. What is the most distinguishing feature of the Greek gods? a. omniscience b. omnipotence c. immortality d. physical stature Part II Short Answer (2 points each) 31. What is the Roman name of Poseidon? 32. What is the Greek term that means a sacred marriage? 33. Who is Theseus father in the Hippolytus? 34. Who was the sculptor who created a statue that came to life? 35. What is the Roman name for Athena? 36. What does the Greek word mythos mean? 37. Together with what creature is Scylla usually mentioned? 38. What does Pandoras name mean? 39. To what force may Zeus himself be subject? 40. Who is the mother of the Muses? Part III Essay (20 points) Write an essay on one of the questions listed below. Be sure to make direct reference to primary sources (i.e. passages [included in the textbook] of ancient authors) to support your statements; with the exception of the textbook, do not base your discussion on any other secondary sources. The essay must be 200-250 words in length. When referring to primary sources, include the following: (1) page number of textbook on which passage occurs, (2) name of the ancient author, (3)title of ancient work from which passage is taken, (4) location within ancient work in which passage occurs. (a) Discuss Zeus . Include within your discussion an identification of his attributes and the myths associated with him. What do the myths communicate about his character and qualities? or  (b) Discuss Athena . Include within your discussion an identification of her attributes and the myths associated with her. What do the myths communicate about her character and qualities?

Analisis Of The Poem Dreamers :: essays research papers

Dreamers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreamers is a WWI poem that is about the soldiers rather than the war itself, the message of the poem is that soldiers although viewed as hated killers that kill innocent victims the poem expresses the fact that the soldiers are just like the â€Å"normal† person, the poem also consists of many thoughts and doesn’t single out one side or another this shows that is was probably written by a observer of the war or someone that was directly involved in the war itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first two lines of the poem sign is a great display of what people make soldiers out the be and what a normal citizen pictures them as â€Å"Citizens of Deaths gray land† a typical view of a solider that is fighting in a war is a bringer of death and some one who does not think twice about killing someone, but it is quickly countered buy telling the reader that although they are deaths soldiers they are not free from deaths fatal grasp them selves and gain nothing from the fighting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second two lines are a dramatic turn stating that as soldiers the stand starring destiny in the face to face, but is again turned as the thought of the solider is that he isn’t think ing about death but is thinking about feuds, jealousies ,and sorrows, not exactly like a normal person but shows that they are like â€Å"normal† people in the sense that they care about what they have done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Third two lines are like the first talking about what a soldiers is supposed to do followed but a dramatic line that shows that they as people are not invisible, the first line states the soldiers are supposed to win giving them a heavy burden that rest dead on there shoulders, but is yet again turned around by the fact the writer lets us know that some come out in body bags and some come out with the â€Å"fatal climax† which is that they have to go fight a war that they don’t wish to be a part of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fourth two lines are the second most powerful in the poem, it shows that the soldiers who are fighting are dreamers when the guns begin to fire, and the dream of the things that most people take for grantit like a warm home, clean beds and there beautiful wives which are left at there homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next four lines tell of the horrors that the soldiers induer such as trenches that are plagued with rats and that are flooded with rain and are

Supplier Relationships: a Strategic Initiative

Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative Jagdish N. Sheth Goizueta Business School Emory University Arun Sharma University of Miami Jagdish N. Sheth is Charles H. Kellstadt Professor of Marketing, Emory Business School, Emory University and Arun Sharma is Associate Professor of Marketing, University of Miami. This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Please address correspondence to Arun Sharma, Department of Marketing, University of Miami, P. O. Box 248147, Coral Gables FL 33124, Telephone: (305) 284 1770, FAX: (305) 284 5326.Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative* Abstract In an increasing competitive marketplace, firms are seeking new methods of enhancing competitive advantage. Today, purchasing is becoming a strategic function and a key factor in competitive positioning. This paper suggests that effective relationship with suppliers will provide firms with next-generational competitive advantage. With conso lidation of firms within industries, continuos product evolution and constant pressure on costs, supplier relationships will become more critical in the future.This paper discusses the emergence of supplier relationships, and how this shift toward supplier relationships has and will change the role, processes and strategies of firms. Although purchasing has strategic importance within a firm, good relationships between customers and suppliers are elusive. Firms, therefore, need to emphasize aspects that will enhance supplier relationships. * This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Supplier Relationships: A Strategic InitiativeIntroduction Firms are facing increasingly competitive environments characterized by continuos pressure on costs, large global players, continuously evolving products, customer fragmentation and emerging technologies. To ensure success, firms realize that they cannot be experts in all businesses and are concentrating on their core competencies. As an example, Westinghouse is selling its power and defense lines to concentrate on the broadcasting business. To enhance their performance in non-core competency areas, companies are reevaluating business relationships so as to form closer relationships with strategic suppliers [1, 2, 3].Firms have realized that collaborative business relationships improve a firm's ability to respond to the new business environment by allowing them to focus on their core businesses and reduce costs in business processes. In an earlier paper, we had suggested that the source of next-generational competitive advantage will be collaborative relationships that firms have with their suppliers [4]. We suggested four reasons for this phenomena. First, marketers or sellers are driving this change as firms have started identifying and catering to the needs of specific customers.Thus, having a relationship with suppliers will enable firms to receive better servi ce and therefore be more efficient in procurement. Second, firms recognize that supplier relationships will allow them to be more effective. It is easier to implement strategies such as quality platforms, if firms have relationships with their suppliers. Third, there are enabling technologies that allow firms to select their best customers and suppliers. Computer programs allow firms to calculate profitability Page 2 associated with each customer or supplier.Finally, competition and the growth of alliances are forcing firms to develop better supplier relationships to maintain a competitive edge. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that supplier partnerships will provide a strategic advantage to firms. This paper identifies the benefits of supplier partnerships and provides guidelines for future supplier partnering. Shift in Organizational Strategy The reason for the emerging emphasis on supplier relationships is the shift in organizational buying strategies [4]. Organizational purchasing strategies have been dramatically changing for four reasons (please see Figure 1).First, global competitiveness had made firms realize the competitive advantages of creating and managing supply chain relationships. Second, emergence of the Total Quality Management philosophy has encouraged â€Å"reverse marketing† starting with external customers and moving backward into procurement processes. For example, Demand Driven Manufacturing or flexible manufacturing and operations have been instituted in order to serve the diversity of demand with respect to form, place and time value to customers. The role of suppliers is critical in this regard.Third, industry restructuring through mergers, acquisitions and alliances on a global basis has reorganized the procurement function from a decentralized administrative function to a centralized strategic function. This is further intensified by outsourcing many support functions such as data processing, and human resources. Fin ally, uses of information technologies have restructured the buying philosophy, processes and platforms by allowing firms to share market information and use market information to schedule design and manufacturing of products better. Page 3Fundamentally, the consequence of changing paradigms of organizational strategy is likely to result in a two dimensional shift as shown in Figure 2. Organizational purchasing strategy shifts from a transaction oriented to a relational oriented philosophy, and from a decentralized domestic sourcing to a centralized global sourcing process. Relationship with Suppliers As stated earlier, we suggest that developing relationship with suppliers will be critical for the effective functioning of firms. This trend is reflected in Table 1 that shows that large firms have substantially reduced their number of suppliers.This trend also suggests that some suppliers would be exclusive to firms. The primary reasons are that corporations are becoming leaner. The procurement function is becoming more centralized while the profit-and-loss (P) responsibility of firms is becoming less centralized. Business-unit heads are raising more questions about the way things are bought. And as vertically integrated companies – those that have complete internal capabilities and are self-sufficient – become relics and outsourcing of operations become a reality, more opportunities to partner with suppliers will arise.Taking advantage of these opportunities is increasingly important for several reasons: †¢ Declining market prices. Nobody expects prices to rise anymore. There is going to be a tighter squeeze on the margins of customer companies. They would like to get that margin reestablished by working with suppliers. †¢ Rising competitive intensity. With the restructuring of the world economy, the formation of the World Trade Organization, and greater economic integration within and between regions, global and regional consolidation is clearly taking place and resulting in greater Page 4 competition. Advanced technology enablers. Electronic commerce and networked computing are here. Dramatically reduced cycle times are becoming an ordinary achievement. These require partnering with suppliers. †¢ Reverse marketing strategies. The traditional process flow – from R and sourcing to manufacturing, sales and service – is becoming a thing of the past. Today, market-focused organizations are organizing into reverse marketing – starting with the end users. Partnering with suppliers is critical to this strategy. †¢ Strategic positioning. In the past, companies partnered primarily for operational efficiency (i. . , just-in-time procedures or zero-inventory models). Today, intense competition is coming from existing rivals, new entrants and the threat of substitutes. Partnering with suppliers is an increasingly important way of minimizing the competition’s negative impact on an industr y. Example of Companies Benefitting from Supplier Relationships The major research regarding the advantage of supplier relationships comes from a study of the Japanese automotive component industry [5]. They found that the average length of the relationship between suppliers and buyers was 22 years.In addition, the major customer bought about half the output of the supplier firm. About 26% of the supplier’s development effort was devoted to a single customer. Competition was restricted to 2-4 other suppliers. Finally, the quality of delivered product was very good. The data would suggest that supplier relationship enhanced the design efforts of the buying company and reduced uncertainty and costs for the Page 5 supplier company. Eastman Kodak, Ford Motor Company, Levi Strauss, DuPont , McKesson and Bose corporation demonstrate that some savings can be achieved by supplier relationships [2].These firms as well as examples of other firms using specific tactics to benefit from s uccessful relationships are discussed next: Eastman Kodak Company: Eastman Kodak Company has outsourced its data and information processing system to IBM. Kodak has achieved substantial cost savings through reducing personnel, assets and capital expenditures in an area that is not its area of core competency. This shift toward asking data processing and systems management consultants to manage the information and data processing of a firm has accelerated as major firms such as Xerox and Ryder have outsourced their internal data processing systems.Ford Motor Company: Ford formed a relationship with one of their own clutch suppliers. Ford examined the production process of their supplier and was able to reduce the cost of the clutch by 20% benefitting both Ford and the clutch supplier. Similarly, based on their past experience with Donnelly, Honda picked Donnelly as an exterior mirror supplier, although Donnelly had no experience in the area [3]. Honda sent its engineers into Donnelly ’s plant, and Honda and Donnelly engineers reorganized the plant and re engineered the product process.Sales are expected to be $60 million in 1997 and costs are expected to decline 2% annually benefitting both Honda and Donnelly. JC Penny and Levi Strauss: JC Penny and Levi Strauss are linked with an electronic Data Page 6 interchange (EDI) that allows Levi Strauss to obtain sales data. Levi Strauss obtains data on the exact size of jeans sold in individual stores. This data allows Levi Strauss to better plan the production process as well as better control inventory and delivery. This saving leads to a reduction in costs and prices benefitting both JC Penny and Levi Strauss.DuPont: Dupont has reduced the costs of each purchase transaction in the maintenance and repair supplies division from $120 to $16 by working with a smaller number of suppliers. DuPont selected one distributor in each region for a supplier relationship. They then implemented a paperless order, receipt an d payment process. In addition to decreased costs of transaction, inventory at the maintenance and repair facilities were reduced by 50%. McKesson Drug Company: McKesson a major drug distributor, developed a relationship with Johnson and Johnson, one of their major suppliers.Through a joint computer system development effort, both firms receive data on inventory, point of sale, demand, and customer information. This has led to Johnson and Johnson providing better service to McKesson increasing the level of service that McKesson provides to its customers. Due to the success of the relationship, Johnson and Johnson has turned over a million dollars worth of business to McKesson. Bose Corporation: Bose corporation has attempted to eliminate both purchasers and salespeople by bringing suppliers into the manufacturing process.Suppliers have access to Bose’s data, employees and processes. They work with Bose’s engineers on present and future products. The Page 7 reduction in personnel reduces costs for both sides, and a direct contact between the user and producer enhances quality and innovation. Establishing and Maintaining Supplier Relationships Wilson [6] suggests that the majority of alliances fail. We feel that most of the problems are associated with the selection and maintaining of supplier relationships. We present research finding from academic research, USGAO [2] and our own experiences.In order to establish relationships, we suggest that firms be very selective in their criteria. In addition to the normal criteria of competency and quality, we suggest the following additional factors be taken into consideration: †¢ Trust and Commitment to Long-term Goals. Both suppliers and buyers need to demonstrate trust and commitment toward a long-term vision. Trust and commitment have been shown to be the major predictors of successful relationships. †¢ Mutual Benefit. The relationship should be of benefit to both the buyer and the seller.If t he relationship has one-sided benefits, the relationship will not last. †¢ Top Management Support. Most successful relationships are associated with support from the top managers of a firm. As examples, the success of Walmart and Corning in forming relationships is because their CEOs have supported supplier relationships. Also, DuPont and Roadway Express have formed an Executive Board that meets at both companies to enhance their relationship [2]. †¢ Compatible Organizational Culture. The culture of firms should be compatible. This Page 8 uggests that they share common values and share common reward systems. A major relationship initiative between two telecommunication firms did not work because they did not share a common work philosophy. One firm was very intense, whereas the other firm was laid back. The relationship dissolved in six months. †¢ Sharing of Information. Relationships require sharing of information. The benefits of relationships arise from reducing th e uncertainty associated with transaction oriented exchanges. Information increases certainty and reduces needless interaction.As an example, Bailey Controls, a manufacturer of control systems shares data with two of its main electronic distributors that has allowed Bailey to reduce inventory and costs [3]. †¢ Strong and Open Communications. Strong and open communications reduces misunderstanding and enhances the quality of relationships. Maintaining Successful Relationships The following aspects are regarded as important for the successful maintenance of relationships. †¢ Simple and Flexible Contract. Simple and flexible contracts enhance relationships as they are used as guides rather than specifying all contingencies.For example, when Kodak outsourced their computer support services to IBM, they used an eleven-page contract [2]. In contrast, typically simple business contracts run to about 30 pages. †¢ Intensive Management Involvement. Cross functional teams from b oth the supplier and buyer organizations that meet periodically to enhance their relationships. For example, Ford uses salespeople to provide suppliers with consumer feedback [2]. Page 9 †¢ Periodic Performance Monitoring. We have found that performance monitoring is critical for relationships. Suppliers also appreciate a formal performance evaluation method.As an example, Motorola evaluates and generates a score card for all of its suppliers [3]. The supplier’s next order is based on the supplier’s previous performance. Suppliers appreciate this knowledge and compete better. †¢ Internal Controls. It is intuitive but companies need to protect access and distribution of confidential information with rigorous internal controls. †¢ Problem Solving Procedures. Companies need to establish problem solving procedures that reduce conflicts or prevent conflicts. One of the simplest forms is frequent communication at all levels of the customer and supplier organiz ation.Organizational Changes Need to Establish Supplier Relationships As stated earlier, as we traverse from a transaction and domestic orientation to a relationship and global orientation, firms will need to emphasize the development of relationship with suppliers. This emphasis of a relationship orientation toward suppliers will lead to an expertise in many aspects of business buying. These areas are highlighted in Figure 3, raised in our earlier paper [4] and discussed next. 1. Supplier as a Customer. As discussed earlier, there will be a thrust toward developing and maintaining relationship with customers.However, firms’ understanding in this area is very limited. Firms will need to develop commitment, trust and cooperation with their suppliers. Firms will need to invest in mutual goals, interdependence, structural bonds, adaptation, non Page 10 retrievable assets, shared technology and social bonds to ensure successful relationships [6]. 2. Cross-Functional Supplier Team s. Marketers have used interdisciplinary teams to contact and maintain relationships with their customers. As individual suppliers relationships become more important we expect a similar thrust toward cross-functional teams that are dedicated or focused on their key suppliers.The importance of individual suppliers is expected to increase because of the emergence of sourcing on a global and relational basis with a few key suppliers. Firms will need to change goals, reward structure and group norms of the purchasing function. 3. Does Partnering Pay? Firms will need to monitor the return on investment in establishing relationships with suppliers. Therefore, firms will need to develop a performance metric that analytically quantifies supplier relationship equity. We feel that supplier partnering with smaller share suppliers will not be economical.The cost-benefit analysis of supplier relationships should result in increased supplier selectivity. 4. Supply Experience Curves. Managing sup plier relationships will not be an easy task. The task of managing relationships on a global basis will be more complex and not analogous to domestic supplier management as most business customers have realized. Therefore, in industries where supply function is a key strategic advantage, companies need to focus on creating core competency in supply side management and develop sharper experience curves. Page 11 5. Hub and Spokes Organization. We expect organizations to reduce the number of uppliers in each product or service category. In addition, re engineering has forced firms to out source internal activities. We expect the results of these two trends to lead to a hub and spoke organization in which one or two suppliers in each product or service category are the spokes and the procurement organization becomes the hub on a global basis. 6. Bonding with Suppliers. Marketers, specifically those that practice relationship marketing have learned to bond with their customers. Bonding r elates to the empathy that the marketing organizations feel toward their customer groups.With an increasing trend toward creating, managing, and enhancing ongoing relationships with suppliers on a global basis, organizations will have to invest in supplier bonding processes and philosophies. 7. Global Sourcing. We expect global sourcing to be a source of strategic advantage. While several global enterprises, especially in the automotive, high technology and the aerospace industries are establishing processes and platforms, it is still at an infancy stage of practice in other industries. Firms will have to develop expertise in global sourcing strategies as well as global logistics. . Cross-Culture Values. Firms will need to be more aware of cross-cultural values. These values may be in conflict with the firm’s present value system. As an example, firms in the US are accused of focusing on short-term profitability whereas firms in Japan are concerned about long-term positioning . Similarly, in some cultures, reciprocity is declared illegal and unethical Page 12 whereas in other cultures it is the preferred way of doing business. What is considered as an agency fee in one country is recognized as a bribe, subject to prosecution under the anticorruption laws.Similarly, doing business with family members and politically connected individuals are presumed to provide a sense of trust and commitment in some cultures whereas it is considered as nepotism and unethical behavior in others. 9. Cross-National Rules. Firms will also have to learn about cross national rules. Specifically, the two tier regulations (one for domestic and the other for foreign enterprises) are common with respect to ownership, management control, and co-production practices in countries such as China.With the rise of nationalism in recent years, this has become a key issue for global enterprises such as McDonald's, Coca-Cola, General Electric, and Enron, especially as they expand their mark et scope and supply scope in large emerging nations such as India, China, and Indonesia. 10. Services Procurement. As organizations out source more and more internal services, and as suppliers engage in providing value-added services to their customers, firms need to better understand and research services procurement. Additionally, as most advanced countries are services economies, services procurement will rise in prominence.Conclusions The paper examined the reasons for the emergence supplier relations as source of Page 13 competitive advantage. The paper discusses successful relationships, rules for developing relationships and concludes with organizational strategies that will enhance supplier relationships. Page 14 References 1. Napolitano, Lisa, Customer-Supplier Partnering; A Strategy Whose Time has Come, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 4 (Fall), 1-8 (1997). United States General Accounting Office, Partnerships: Customer-Supplier Relationships can be Improv ed through Partnering, Report Number 94-173, Washington, D.C. (1994). Magnet, Myron, The New Golden Rule of Business, Fortune, February 21, 60-64 (1994). Sheth, Jagdish N. , and Arun Sharma, Supplier Relationships: Emerging Issues and Challenges, Industrial Marketing Management, 26 (2), 91-100 (1997). Wasti, S Nazli, Jeffrey K. Liker, Risky business or competitive power? Supplier involvement in Japanese product design, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14 (September), 337-55 (1997). Wilson, David T. , An Integrated Model of Buyer Seller Relationships, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23, 4, 335-45, (1995). Emshwiller, John R. Suppliers Struggle to Improve Quality as Big Firms Slash their Vendor Roles, Wall Street Journal, August 16, B1, (1991). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 15 Table 1 Reduction in the Number of Suppliers Company Number of Suppliers Current Previous 5,000 10,000 9,000 10,000 1,800 22,000 520 7,500 Percentage Change 90. 00% 70. 00% 66. 66% 45. 00% 44. 44% 36. 36% 26. 92% 20. 00% Xerox Motorola Digital Equipment General Motors Ford Motor Texas Instruments Rainbird Allied-Signal Aerospace 500 3,000 3,000 5,500 1,000 14,000 380 6,000 Source: Emshwiller [7]. Page 16 Figure 1 Changing Paradigm of Organizational Purchasing StrategyGlobal Competitiveness Technology Enablers Changing Paradigms of Procurement TQM Philosophy Industry Restructuring Page 17 Figure 2 Shift in Organizational Purchasing Strategy Global Sourcing Changing Paradigms of Procurement Transaction Oriented Relationship Oriented Industry Restructuring Domestic Sourcing Page 18 Figure 3 Emerging Areas of Expertise in Supplier Relationships Service Procurement Supplier as a Customer Cross Functional Supplier Teams Cross-National Rules Partnering Cross Cultural Values Supply Experience Curve Global Sourcing Bonding with Suppliers Hub and Spoke Organization Page 19

The Kite Runner Chapter Review (Narrative Aspects) Chapter 1

The Kite Runner Chapter Review of Narrative Aspects Chapter 1; It is December 2001, and our narrator, recalls an event that occurred in 1975, when he was twelve years old and growing up in Afghanistan. He doesn’t say what happened, but says it made him who he is. He follows this recollection by telling us about a call he received last summer from a friend in Pakistan, Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan asks Amir, to come to Pakistan to see him. When Amir gets off the phone, he takes a walk through San Francisco, where he lives now.He notices kites flying, and thinks of his past, including his friend Hassan. Narrative aspects: Narrative voice: 1st person narrative, ‘I became what I am today’ – Amir tells us a story about his past, and what he remembers, from his point of view. Indirect speech, ‘I thought about something Rahim Khan said†¦. There is a way to be good again. ’ – it doesn’t let the reader make a relationship with the other cha racter, as this chapter is all about Amir.Setting: Introduces the alley almost straight away, ‘I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years’ – it gives us a mysterious setting, and the alley becomes a key symbol of misdeeds in the novel. Talks about where he is while telling the story, ‘like a pair of eyes looking down on San Francisco. ’ – gives us a brief idea of where he is and wants us to find out why he is there, as it also talks about Afghanistan and Pakistan.Structure: the repetition of kites, ‘saw a pair of kites, red with long blue tails, soaring in the sky. ’ ‘twin kites. ’ – significant because it sticks in a reader’s brain as they try to work out how the kites may be significant in the rest of the novel. Which they find out they are. Also ‘twin kites’ can refer to Hassan and Amir, as they are brothers and the last kite they ran together made their fr iendship fall apart. Non- linear, it talks about different points of his life in a very short amount of time, because he is ooking back on his life as well as telling the reader what is happening in his life while he is telling the story. Form: Monologue, speaks in broken language, almost like in his thoughts he can’t put in words what he is thinking and what he remembers, ‘I looked up at those twin kites. I thought about Hassan. Thought about Baba. Ali. Kabul. ’- it gives the reader an impression that there is a lot to find out about Amir. Retrospective Narrative, he is looking back on his past, and the opening chapter makes us curious about what will happen next. The Kite Runner Chapter Review (Narrative Aspects) Chapter 1 The Kite Runner Chapter Review of Narrative Aspects Chapter 1; It is December 2001, and our narrator, recalls an event that occurred in 1975, when he was twelve years old and growing up in Afghanistan. He doesn’t say what happened, but says it made him who he is. He follows this recollection by telling us about a call he received last summer from a friend in Pakistan, Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan asks Amir, to come to Pakistan to see him. When Amir gets off the phone, he takes a walk through San Francisco, where he lives now.He notices kites flying, and thinks of his past, including his friend Hassan. Narrative aspects: Narrative voice: 1st person narrative, ‘I became what I am today’ – Amir tells us a story about his past, and what he remembers, from his point of view. Indirect speech, ‘I thought about something Rahim Khan said†¦. There is a way to be good again. ’ – it doesn’t let the reader make a relationship with the other cha racter, as this chapter is all about Amir.Setting: Introduces the alley almost straight away, ‘I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years’ – it gives us a mysterious setting, and the alley becomes a key symbol of misdeeds in the novel. Talks about where he is while telling the story, ‘like a pair of eyes looking down on San Francisco. ’ – gives us a brief idea of where he is and wants us to find out why he is there, as it also talks about Afghanistan and Pakistan.Structure: the repetition of kites, ‘saw a pair of kites, red with long blue tails, soaring in the sky. ’ ‘twin kites. ’ – significant because it sticks in a reader’s brain as they try to work out how the kites may be significant in the rest of the novel. Which they find out they are. Also ‘twin kites’ can refer to Hassan and Amir, as they are brothers and the last kite they ran together made their fr iendship fall apart. Non- linear, it talks about different points of his life in a very short amount of time, because he is ooking back on his life as well as telling the reader what is happening in his life while he is telling the story. Form: Monologue, speaks in broken language, almost like in his thoughts he can’t put in words what he is thinking and what he remembers, ‘I looked up at those twin kites. I thought about Hassan. Thought about Baba. Ali. Kabul. ’- it gives the reader an impression that there is a lot to find out about Amir. Retrospective Narrative, he is looking back on his past, and the opening chapter makes us curious about what will happen next.

buy custom Perspective Ancient Dance References essay

buy custom Perspective Ancient Dance References essay Dance existed since the ancient times, and its purpose went through many variations. In the ancient times, it had the use of curing people of stress in their life. Therefore, it acted as a relaxant. It helped people to cope with their daily struggles in life and the crises that they experienced. In fact, presently there is a branch in psychology dedicated to dance and movement therapy. In this view, watching a performance can also be a therapeutic method in the field. Dance is an art of expressing inner personality and feelings that go beyond the field of language and the boundaries it encloses itself, (Ramona, 2008). It is thought that there is a profound link between the bodys movement and facial expressions and the emotions that a person experiences. Noted psychologists William James established the fact that if one makes movements that express joy the person will experience joyous emotions., and the vice versa is also true in this case. Most of the time dance is a performance for entertainment but sometimes it expresses emotions that language cannot explain. One form of ancient dance that endures until today is the Zar ritual from Africa. This ritual constitutes forms of spirituality that some may mistake for witchcraft. It is a form of dance where the person releasing jinn or genies believed to cause emotions of discouragement or depression. These cases especially focus toward the woman. The ritual takes place as the patient in this case goes through specific dance moves and percussive rhythms guided by a leader known as a hadra with the help of her fiends until the point of exhaustion. The community of the women, who participate along with her, experience the same feeling of alleviated stress. This dance led scientists to believe that movements done during its erformance release bodily hormones that downplay the effects of depression. Another form of ancient dance is belly dancing, which happens to have its roots deep within the history of the world and is currently evolving. It is a composition of folklore dances, and dances that evolved later. The basic emphasis, although, that it encourages is the spreading of joy and happiness for the alleviation of stress. The art expresses deep, serious emotion and women of middle age and above receive great appreciation, for they are the ones best able to perform the dance. Furthermore, a performer can do it at their late stages in life, whereas other dances like ballet require certain age groups. As unlikely, as it seems strip dancing was a form of ancient dance. The dance characterizes itself by almost naked women in clubs that dance round a pole in order to gain male attention. There are several rules although, in these strip clubs. They have a lower tolerance to disturbance as compared to the usual drinking premises. Whatever a person does; they do not have permission to touch any stripper. If they wish to express their pleasure at the performance of one stripper, they should stuff money inside their garments (bra or g-string) to get their attention. Strippers can give a person regular lap dances, but the people must control themselves. In history, there are mentions of strip dancing in ancient Egypt and before this time, (ArticlesBase, 2011). It is the erotic style of this dance, which gave rise to well-known belly dancing in the ancient days, which is so popular today. The other more conventional dances were common in Europe. These dances were common in occasions and events. The earliest known forms of dance in this era were the line or chain dance. This form of dance was a Pre-Christian ritual and wass widespread throughout Europe up to the Middle Ages, (Eliznik, 2005). There are few remnants, which remain although in the western part of Europe. In the southeastern part of the continent, they remained the major form of dance. There was the influence from the west on newer dance forms, but the Ottoman Empire soon put a stop this fact. Most of the western European countries put in a break from the social forms of dance, and this led to the decrease of many of the older forms with small areas retaining the culture. Dance was, therefore, very much a part of the lives of the people of old. In Egypt, workers moved according to the rhythm of the percussions and songs sung by performers on the street. There were street dancers to entertain passersby and hired to perform at dinner parties, though dance in public was a practice restricted to the poor and no noble Egyptian would allow they to do the same. Although, belly dancing is similar to many of the erotic dancing that the Egyptians practiced, much of their dancing was a bit more technical. They included an assortment of movements. These included hops and leaps as well as 180-degree turns. Their feet were also bare at the time. It seems that their form of dance was quite athletic and required as a certain amount of agility. That goes to reason why the dance remained restricted to certain classes of individuals. The dances were not as the others practiced for the release of stress, in that their own movement was entertaining the individual. These were more performance-based in that they required an amount of skill that a noble person could not possess. It was also common for the women performers to dance while naked or almost naked for the nobles as entertainment. It is no wonder that erotic dancing had some of its roots in ancient Egypt. Buy custom Perspective Ancient Dance References essay

History of Tin Cans and Can Openers

History of Tin Cans and Can Openers British merchant Peter Durand made an impact on food preservation with his 1810 patenting of the tin can. In 1813, John Hall and Bryan Dorkin opened the first commercial canning factory in England. In 1846, Henry Evans invented  a machine that could manufacture tin cans at a rate of 60 per hour- a significant increase over the previous rate of only six per hour. First Patented Can Opener The first tin cans were so thick they had to be hammered open. As cans became thinner, it became possible to invent dedicated can openers. In 1858, Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut patented the first can opener. The U.S. military used it during the Civil War. In 1866, J. Osterhoudt patented the tin can with a key opener that you can find on sardine cans. William Lyman: Classic Can Opener The inventor of the familiar household can opener was William Lyman, who patented a very easy to use can opener in 1870. The invention  included a wheel that rolls and cuts around the rim of a can, a design we are familiar with today. The Star Can Company of San Francisco improved William Lymans can opener in 1925 by adding a serrated edge to the wheel. An electric version of the same type of can opener was first sold in December of 1931. Beer in a Can On January 24, 1935, the first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale, was sold by the Kruger Brewing Company of Richmond, Virginia. Pop-Top Can In 1959, Ermal Fraze invented the pop-top can (or easy-open can) in Kettering, Ohio. Aerosol Spray Cans The concept of the aerosol spray can  originated as early as 1790 when self-pressurized carbonated beverages were introduced in France.

Human Resource Development as the Expansion of Human Capital in an Org Essay - 10

Human Resource Development as the Expansion of Human Capital in an Organization - Essay Example Therefore, this helps to provide competence and effectiveness in Human resources. An organization should start development programs and training in order to develop skills and competencies in its employees. Human resources development also brings about employee commitment. For employees to be committed to their jobs, they need to be well trained and efficient. This can only be achieved through Human Resources Development. Development opportunities and proper training help employees to feel committed to the organization. Human Resources Development also brings about job satisfaction. If well developed and oriented, employees tend to portray a higher degree of commitment. Development and orientation help to inspire employees for a better performance. In the long run, this brings about job satisfaction. Development of human knowledge through Human Resources development helps the employees to get career development opportunities. Career development involves personal development efforts. This can be achieved by matching development opportunities and training with the employee’s desires. According to Elevator speech 1 by Dimitri Taylor, Human Resources development improves a company’s with its knowledge about how human capital affects organizational success. Human Resources development equips managers with information on how they can improve the success of the organization through employees. Human Resources Development also ensures that there are safety measures in an organization. It does this by ensuring that the organization follows the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations. Safety in the work environment may be achieved through maintenance of accurate records and work logs. Human Resources Development also ensures safety in an organization through the development of programs, which reduce the number of workplace injuries. Maintenance of safety in an organization is important because it ensures efficiency in the organization’s operations.

PERSONAL REFLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PERSONAL REFLECTION - Essay Example The course increased my ability to lead a workforce in an organization, especially based on an engineering environment for which I have a background. The course content opened me to think about my personal style of leadership. Based on what I learnt, I realized that my philosophical approach to leadership can be described as laissez-faire; a rather laid back approach that dwells on adequate information supply but indirect involvement in the affairs of an entity. The leadership style bestows trust on other members of staff and provides feedback on a regular basis, commending and criticizing staffs based on their performances (Famiza, Kassim and Nasharudin, 3). My nature of leadership could develop further through adoption of more technology-guided means of data acquisition for timely reporting of information. I deem I need to get more acquainted with more social media platforms and integrate email and virtual communication forums such as Skype into the regular reporting schedule. I feel I have inadequate knowledge of how best some of the platforms can be of use, and I’ll seek to learn this within a short time frame. I further realized that my notion of leadership lacked empathy, and I could often treat workers like people who cannot be allowed to fail at times. Upon attending the course, I realized that being empathetic creates room for quality reasoning, and helps me relate the events in other people’s lives to my own. I have learnt various qualities of good and bad leadership, and how each style could affect both relationships with staff members and customers and eventually affect the goals of the company. For instance, autocratic leadership leads to low staff morale, and affects both output and attitude towards customers. On the other hand, participative leadership allows input from all members, thereby ensuring that inclusivity is enhanced. I

Best Snacks Problem Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Best Snacks Problem Solution - Essay Example The concepts and practices that are related to this are inclusive of observations, strategies and implementation of new alternatives within the company. The plan is also based on beginning to alter the practices and policies for research and development while adding in training to begin altering the organizational culture. The ability to develop this particular plan for Best Snacks is one which then requires movement into the culture and production based approaches within the company. By strategically implementing this perspective, there will be the ability to look into total quality management alternatives. Describe the Situation Issue and Opportunity Identification 1. The first issue is with Best Snack moving below other competitors. It is now slipping past other competitors as well as smaller businesses that are moving forward with new innovations. 2. R& D is no longer performing to the same measures that it did, leaving the product development behind from past years. 3. Marketing methods with old and new products are not being implemented outside of the expectations from the past development. 4. The organizational culture is not inviting in as many new options for product development because of the stability of products that are already available. 1. The first opportunity is to begin working toward innovation through the organizational culture, allowing new options and development to be made available. 2. Ability to increase the capacity for creativity within the company, allowing new products to be developed. 3. More opportunities for employees to change their role while growing an alternative organizational culture. 4. Training and development that will lead to more of a return of investment. Stakeholder Perspectives and Ethical Dilemmas The stakeholder perspectives are currently standing in a strong position because Best Snack has been a leader in snacks for 150 years. This is combined with the strong standing which remains with the company in the curren t position. However, the danger is that the company is falling to other competitors. From the stakeholder perspective, this becomes a threat to getting a return on investment while having the same strength with the investments which they are making. To change this, communication, strategies and implementation to remain ahead of other competitors is required, specifically to begin changing the skills, innovations and products within the market. While Best Snack needs to incorporate the new innovations, the approach needs to be one which is low risk, specifically so stakeholders will continue to invest and see a profit margin. The ethical dilemmas which are associated with the current approach is based on the risks that are associated with the training, development and alterations with the current culture. Changing this too much or taking risks which are not consistent with the needs of the company can also lead to the wrong developments and initiatives and may create a lack of the ri ght approach and investment to the current status. Making sure there is an approach that is consistent and which validates the changes and initiatives will also ensure that stakeholders and others have the right response while being clear of the changes being made. Frame the Right Problem The problem with Best Snack is based on the lack of innovation which is currently with the company, specifically because of the longer period of time that the same products have

Broken Windows Theory Analysis

Broken Windows Theory Analysis Assessing the theory of Broken Windows Wicked people exist. Nothing avails except to set them apart from innocent peopleWe have trifled with the wicked, made sport of the innocent, and encouraged the calculators. Justice suffers, and so do we all James Wilson The basic idea for the Broken Windows theory is that any kind of urban blight – a broken window, graffitied walls, rubbish on the streets, etc. – does no harm to a neighbourhood if it is immediately remedied. However, if left untended, it signifies a lack of care in the community, the kind of environment in which it is acceptable for residents to relinquish any notions of concern. And while the initial damage and disrepair is physical, the next stage is psychological. That is, if it becomes acceptable for people to litter and vandalise at will, why not walk around drunk, or beg for money, or mug others for it? Why not even kill for it? Why follow any kind of rules at all? In sum, the Broken Windows theory postulates that the smallest symptoms can lead to the greatest crimes. This paper will examine the effectiveness of this idea. The Broken Windows theory first became widely known in 1982, when James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling published an article in the Atlantic Monthly called Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. The article articulated the reasons why minor neighbourhood slights should not be ignored: A piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed. Adults stop scolding rowdy children; the children, emboldened, become more rowdy. Families move out, unattached adults move in. Teenagers gather in front of the corner store. The merchant asks them to move; they refuse. Fights occur. Litter accumulates. People start drinking in front of the grocery; in time, an inebriate slumps to the sidewalk and is allowed to sleep it off. Pedestrians are approached by panhandlers (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this idea, that small acts of antisocial behaviour can act as catalysts for others, and that a broken window sends a signal to criminals that it okay to break the law, seems perfectly reasonable and logical. The notion that once people begin disregarding the norms that keep order in a community, both order and community unravel, even follows the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics (systems naturally progress from a state of order to disorder). And almost from its inception, the idea took hold. While the Wilson/Kelling article did the most to publicise the theory, there were some precedents, namely Philip Zimbardos 1969 experiment, in which he left two identical 1959 Oldsmobiles in different neighbourhoods, one near the Bronx campus of New York University and one near the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California. The license plates of both cars were removed and the hoods opened to provide the necessary releaser signals (Zimbardo, 1969). In the Bronx, within ten minutes, the car was vandalised, and by the end of the day was stripped bare. In Palo Alto, the car remained untouched for a week, until Zimbardo himself broke one of its windows with a sledgehammer, at which point others joined in. Within a few hours, the car was completely destroyed. (Gladwell, 1996). Zimbardos focus was on the psychological aspects of authority and anonymity, and his experiment aimed to understand what factors and to what extent human behaviour was governed by environmental and physiological stimuli, a process known as deindividuation: a series of antecedent social conditions lead to a change in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior (Zimbardo, 1969). Wilson and Kellings article, however, was more prescriptive, and was focused on applying the Broken Windows theory to law enforcement procedures. And it is in this way that politicians and police have regarded the theory over the past twenty-five years, paving the way for a slate of reforms aimed at promoting deterrence through arrests, imprisonment and harsh sentencing, with a heavy reliance on the criminal justice system to impart severe and swift penalties (Conklin, 1992). Within the article, the authors discuss the historical function of police work, which they describe as maintaining public order: From the earliest days of the nation, the police function was seen primarily as that of a night watchman: to maintain order against the chief threats to order – fire, wild animals, and disreputable behavior. Solving crimes was viewed not as a police responsibility but as a private one (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). However, this eventually changed, and detective work (solving crimes) took on a greater role, a shift that the authors feel should be reversed: A great deal was accomplished during this transition, as both police chiefs and outside experts emphasized the crime-fighting function in their plans, in the allocation of resources, and in deployment of personnel. The police may well have become better crime-fighters as a result. And doubtless they remained aware of their responsibility for order. But the link between order-maintenance and crime-prevention, so obvious to earlier generations, was forgotten (ibid). Another criticism felled by Wilson and Kelling was the lack of community policing, or the beat officer on foot, patrolling the neighbourhood. Instead, there had been a steady shift towards keeping the officers in their squad cards, in which case they were isolated, removed from the people of the neighbourhood and the life on the street, whereas what foot-patrol officers did was to elevate, to the extent that they could, the level of public order in these neighborhoods (ibid). In short, the officer on foot was not only more accessible, and thus a part of the community; he was better able to understand it and serve it. The majority of the theory, however, has to do with a new focus on smaller crimes – beggars, drunks, teenagers, litter, etc. – rather than big ones. These so-called gateway crimes are where the real offenses take root; eliminate these, and the major crimes will be stopped before they have a chance to foster and spread: The citizen who fears the ill-smelling drunk, the rowdy teenager, or the importuning beggar is not merely expressing his distaste for unseemly behavior; he is also giving voice to a bit of folk wisdom that happens to be a correct generalization – namely that serious street crime flourishes in areas in which disorderly behavior goes unchecked. The unchecked panhandler is, in effect, the first broken window (ibid). But does the theory work? As of yet, there has been no scientific evidence proving it does. Even Wilson himself a few years ago admitted: People have not understood that this was a speculation (Hurley, 2004). It should be noted that on the very first page of the Atlantic Monthly article, where the authors were giving a history of community policing in Newark, NJ, they mentioned a study by the Police Foundation that discovered that while foot patrol had not reduced crime rates, residents seemed to feel more secure than persons in other areas (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this seems pretty straightforward – because foot patrols did not lead to a drop in crime rates, they didnt do anything to make neighbourhoods safer. However, Wilson and Kelling use the residents testimony to argue that, in fact, the community is safer, because disorder itself is something to be feared: We understand what most often frightens people in public places. Many citizens, of course, are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden, violent attack by a stranger. This risk is very real, in Newark as in many large cities. But we tend to overlook another source of fearthe fear of being bothered by disorderly people (ibid). This is all very well and good, that people appreciate not having to deal with aggressive and disorderly people. But how then is safety being measured, if not by crime rates? The authors certainly arent implying that it can be measured by residents feelings of safety? Regardless, the rest of the article makes no mention of this issue, and concentrates primarily on perceived dangers (how to curb a communitys fears of being bothered by disorderly persons), rather than actual ones (curbing crime rates themselves). The theory had its first test in the early 90s, when the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, implemented his own version of it to target the citys high crime rate. This didnt happen simply by chance; George Kelling was a senior fellow of the Manhattan Institute, and was one of Giulianis advisors (DePalma, 2002). The term that was used to describe the new initiative was the no tolerance policy. This phrase, along with another that soon followed (quality of life), acted as the cornerstones for Giulianis mayorship. He aimed to aggressively target even minor infractions (no tolerance) in order to clean up the city and make New York a safe place to live (improved quality of life). Police were given powers that they never before had, and were encouraged to hand out tickets and arrests for anything and everything. For the cops, Chief of Police William Bratton commented, they were a bonanza. Every arrest was like opening a box of Cracker Jacks. What kind of toy am I going to get? Got a gun? Got a knife? Got a warrant? Do we have a murderer here? Each cop wanted to be the one who came up with the big collar. It was exhilarating for the cops and demoralizing for the crooks (Bratton, 1998). In addition to the usual list of offenders – drunks, panhandlers, juvenile delinquents – were added jaywalkers and squeegee men, those homeless men and women who aggressively and without asking would clean a cars windshield while the driver was stuck in traffic, and then demand payment. The effect of the new procedures was instant and irrevocable: crime dropped to its lowest figures in four decades, and stayed there. At the present moment, New York City is the safest big city in America. However, whether this decline can solely or even partially be attributed to Broken Windows is up for debate. At the same time the police were implementing harsh no tolerance crackdowns, the crack cocaine market bottomed out, which resulted in less drug deals, fewer addicts on the street and a reduction in violent turf wars, all of which at one time were responsible for numerous muggings and murders (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, over the same time period, there were dramatic improvement s in emergency response capabilities and medical care, which ended up saving the lives of countless people who previously would have died (Lizza, 2002). There were also important changes at the New York Police department during this time that could have explained the drop in crime, including a significant increase in the number of police officers. In 1992, Giulianis predecessor, David Dinkins, hired over two thousand new officers under the Safe Streets, Safe City project, and Giuliani himself hired another four thousand, and merged another six thousand Transit and Housing Authority officers into the ranks of the New York Police Department (Harcourt, 2002). Because of this, the department increased from 26,856 in 1991 to 39,779 in 2000, giving New York the largest police force in the country, with the highest ratio of officers to civilians of any major city (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Another argument against the success of Broken Windows is that the 1990s were generally a boom time. The stock market, employment and wages were all at record highs throughout the United States, and crime rates are usually more prevalent when times are hard. For example, crime fell in many large cities – San Francisco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Houston, Boston and others – at exactly the same time, and in some cases in an even more dramatic fashion: One study found that New York Citys drop in homicides, though impressive, is neither unparalleled nor unprecedented. Houstons drop in homicides of 59 percent between 1991 and 1996 outpaced New York Citys 51 percent decline over the same period. Another study looked at the rates of decline in homicides in the seventeen largest U.S. cities from 1976 to 1998 and found that New York Citys recent decline, though above average, was the fifth largest, behind San Diego, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, and Houston (Joanes, 1999). And many of these cities did not implement the kind of order-maintenance procedures that New York did. For example, the San Diego police department instilled a model based on community-police relations. Their strategy was one of sharing the responsibility of identifying and solving crimes with neighbourhood residents. Because of this, San Diego not saw a marked decrease in crime, but experienced a 15 percent drop in arrests, and an 8 percent drop in complaints of police misconduct (Greene, 1999). In addition, San Francisco made community involvement a priority, and felony incarcerations dropped from 2,136 in 1993 to 703 in 1998, and rape, robbery, aggravated assault and total violent crime decreased more than the rate in New York over the same period (Khaled and Macallair, 2002). Other cities, including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio, also experienced significant decreases in crime without adopting as coherent a policing strategy as New York or San Diego. The fact is that there was a remarkable drop in crime in many major cities in the United States during the 1990s, many of which used a variety of different strategies. To attribute New Yorks declining crime rates to merely their implementation of more aggressive initiatives is overly simplistic. However, New Yorks success got the most publicity, and much of the country wanted to learn from Giuliani and to implement their own no tolerance policies. And its popularity in the U.S. was only matched by its appeal abroad. In 1998, representatives from over 150 police departments from around the world visited New York to learn about order-maintenance policing, and in 2000, another 235 police departments, the vast majority from overseas, followed suit (Gootman, 2000). However, even if the Broken Windows theory is correct, it has still never been fully explained as to how it works. It could be argued that those who choose to commit crimes, denied the signals they would normally receive from low-grade disorder, move on to different locales. But where do they go? And if such places existed, couldnt they implement their own Broken Windows initiatives? One possible answer comes from writer and social theorist Malcolm Gladwell, who suggests that crime actually does increase or decrease much like an epidemic, and at certain thresholds will turn, rather than rise and fall in a typical linear fashion (Gladwell, 1996). Wilson and Kelling for their part fail to talk much about the specifics by which public disorder turns into crime. They simply say it does, as do most of the theorys supporters. However, some seem to have taken the idea to illogical extremes, such as a Lancaster, Pennsylvania reporter commenting on the citys new quality of life initiatives: If you put a couch out in a backyard, somebody could get raped on that couch (Van Nguyan, 2001). Bernard Harcourt, who has written extensively on the issue, believes that the aggressive prosecution of disorderly behaviour has had little effect on crime rates dropping. His argument is that the increased number of arrests, searchers, surveillance, and police officers on the streets has had the fairly straightforward effect of bringing more small offenses to light, and that no provable connection has ever made between disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2002). His worry is that this sets a dangerous precedent, and that the unfounded power of the police will only lead to more drastic action against less drastic offenses, especially minorities: Incidents like the NYPDs alleged torture of a Haitian naturally reinforce minority citizens distrust of the police. This mistrust has been boosted of late by numerous television videotapes showing police officers beating up unresisting citizens. In most cases, the cops were white and those on the receiving end of their clubs were black or Latino (McNamara, 1997). However, this is exactly in line with what Wilson and Kelling argue for, this bygone era of policing: The police in this earlier period assisted in that reassertion of authority by acting, sometimes violently, on behalf of the community. Young toughs were roughed up, people were arrested on suspicion or for vagrancy, and prostitutes and petty thieves were routed. Rights were something enjoyed by decent folk, and perhaps also by the serious professional criminal, who avoided violence and could afford a lawyer (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Kelling himself spent some time accompanying an officer (Kelly) on his beat, the experience of which again illustrates a strange tolerance for lawlessness on the part of the police: Sometimes what Kelly did could be described as enforcing the law, but just as often it involved taking informal or extralegal steps to help protect what the neighborhood had decided was the appropriate level of public order. Some of the things he did probably would not withstand a legal challenge (ibid). After all, what can extralegal possibly mean other than illegal? It seems odd that this is the sort of behaviour the authors advocate, one in which officers are allowed to take the law into their own hands, but anyone who commits even the smallest of trespasses – jaywalking, littering, urinating in public – needs to be several punished. It certainly doesnt put much faith in the fairness of the model. And, in fact, the Broken Windows model is far from fair. One of its constant critiques is that the kinds of offenses it targets are primarily those carried out by the poor. There is no mention of embezzlement, crooked accountants, insurance scams, loan sharks or slumlords, crimes typical of the wealthy. And these offenses, certainly, can have just as detrimental effect on a community as a host of unsightly behaviours, if not more so. The broken windows metaphor is interesting in that it is actually up to landlords to fix real-life broken windows, while it is often those who are not in a position to do so, the community, who are held responsible for the damage. Aside from more people being arrested and subsequently incarcerated, the theory doesnt actually do much to aid a neighbourhood. If the aim is improved public order, couldnt that be achieved with homeless shelters, urban renewal projects and social workers? (Harcourt, 2002). In many ways, the philosophy behind it is almost out of sight, out of mind. And, in fact, this seems to be the view expressed by Kelling and his wife Catherine Coles in Fixing Broken Windows, a book-length exploration of the policing strategies first advocated in 1982: Kelling and Coles take a tough-minded view of who the street denizens we frequently label the homeless really are and what they are doing, sidestepping the politically constructed images of claimants like the homeless that little resemble the aggressive, conniving, often drug-crazed schemers that Kelling and Coles see populating the streets (Skogan, 1997). Skogan, in fact, is so skeptical of the motives of the poor that he cannot even use the word homeless without quotation marks, as if they all have houses somewhere. The problem with this kind of thinking is that it leads to a dangerous two worlds model, where people are either decent and respectable or disingenuous and no good. And, naturally, all the problems in neighbourhoods arise from the actions of the latter. This kind of precedent was set down by Wilson as far back as 1968: The teenager hanging out on a street corner late at night, especially one dressed in an eccentric manner, a Negro wearing a conk rag (a piece of cloth tied around the head to hold flat hair being processed – that is, straightened), girls in short skirts and boys in long hair parked in a flashy car talking loudly to friends on the curb, or interracial couples – all of these are seen by many police officers as persons displaying unconventional and improper behavior (Wilson, 1968). If the police are allowed to restore public order according to their own beliefs and judgments, what is to stop them from carrying out whatever action they deem necessary against the unconventional and improper, including using extralegal measures? Unfortunately, cultural hegemony is nothing new, and many neighbourhoods have enforced rules that govern the actions and abodes of its residents. In every community there is a house that doesnt conform to the aesthetic principles of the rest, a lawn that is never tended or strewn with toys or trash, a derelict car that doesnt meet environmental standards, all of which raise resident ire. But should these things be dealt with under the Broken Windows theory? For example, the town of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, adopted Broken Windows measures in the late 90s, and in 2002, the local newspaper received this letter: This being almost mid-April, shouldnt homeowners have had sufficient time to remove their December holiday decorations? Icicle lights hung year round give the impression of a homeowner with an aversion to work and negatively impacts on neighborhoods (Kelly, 2002). While there are obvious differences between public drunks and icicle lights, in other cases the line is much finer, and the potential for abuse is obvious. Wilson and Kelling, for their part, are aware of the problem, and speak out against it: The concern about equity is more serious. We might agree that certain behavior makes one person more undesirable than another but how do we ensure that age or skin color or national origin or harmless mannerisms will not also become the basis for distinguishing the undesirable from the desirable? How do we ensure, in short, that the police do not become the agents of neighborhood bigotry? We can offer no wholly satisfactory answer to this important question. We are not confident that there is a satisfactory answer except to hope that by their selection, training, and supervision, the police will be inculcated with a clear sense of the outer limit of their discretionary authority. That limit, roughly, is this the police exist to help regulate behavior, not to maintain the racial or ethnic purity of a neighborhood (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Unfortunately, their only solution is to again have the community put its faith in the integrity and judgment of the law enforcement officer, a notion that does little to quell the doubts of those who might be wrongly typecast as criminal because of their race, age or class. In such a subjective atmosphere, with so much at stake, it seems dubious to give one party the last word, or the ability to render judgment (especially if that party is the one with the gun). By taking the focus off the community, and putting it on the individual, a dangerous precedent is being set. However, not everyone agrees with this line of thinking. In fact, many people, including police officers, understand that the only way for Broken Windows or any other community enforcement project to succeed is by people working together: Without the full cooperation of the community, local government and the courts community policing will not work (police officer Daniel Jenkins, 2002). Unfortunately, the authors themselves dont focus too much on this notion of working together, and, if anything, since the Atlantic Monthly article, have gone even further to highlight the vast differences between people. For example, in 1985, Wilson co-authored with Richard Herrnstein a book called Crime and Human Nature, which describes the various traits by which to classify and identify criminals. The book deals not only with age, class and race but body types, painstakingly sorting and measuring these and other attributes into definable composites of law-abiders and law-breakers. The authors conclusions are fairly predictable, describing those prone to commit crimes as an: Unattached, young, most often racialized other. The youth or young adult, threatening, defiant, suspicious, often black, wearing distinctive designer-label clothes. Or the down-and-out street person in a dirty oversized coat. Or the squeegee man, the panhandler, the homeless person, the turnstile jumper, the public drunk (Harcourt, 2002). In stark opposition to this are the ideas of Felton Earls and his colleagues, who conducted a large-scale study of street crime in Chicago in 1997. The studys main focus was on collective efficacy, which was defined as social cohesion among neighbors and their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls, 1997). The concept, according to the study, is the greatest predictor of street crime, and not Broken Windows or any form of disorder: Testing broken windows was not the point of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the study planned and conducted by Dr. Earls and colleagues to unravel the social, familial, educational and personal threads that weave together into lives of crime and violenceNonetheless the data gathered for it, with a precision rarely seen in social science, directly contradicted Dr. Wilsons notions (Hurley, 2004). Thus, the seemingly obvious and incontestable connection between crime and disorder may, in fact, not exist at all. Community presence and action may actually be what ultimately fells crime. According to Earls: Its not so much that broken glass or disarray in neighborhoods is the source or root of crime, its really in the social relationships that exist among neighbors, among people who work in neighborhoods, among services and so forth, that the social conditions are there to engage or not to engage citizens, neighbors in watching out for crime or crime-related activity in the neighborhoods (Earls, 2004). And in another no less extensive study two years later, Sampson and Raudenbush found that  disorder and predatory crime were moderately related, but that, when antecedent characteristics were added (such as poverty and neighbourhood trust), the connection between the two vanished in four out of five tests – including homicide, arguably our best measure of violence (Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999). In addition, they discovered that while disorder may have indirect effects on crime by influencing migration patterns, investment by businesses, and overall neighborhood viabilityattacking public order through tough police tactics was politically popular but an analytically weak strategy to reduce crime (ibid). In short, the central tenets of Broken Windows – that disorder leads to crime, and that said crimes are generally carried out by individuals belonging to a criminal class – are questionable. This is not to say that the entire theory is at fault; certainly the notion that a safe neighbourhood is one in which the residents feel secure enough to participate in its defense still holds water. In addition, Wilson and Kelling are correct in urging the community to work with police, and for police to become a part of the community. What they seem to have missed is that the focus of this kind of relationship should rest on there being a real and active presence in the community, and not on crime and disorder. One related irony is that, in the use of Broken Windows policing in New York, for all their effectiveness in cracking down on a wide range of antisocial behaviors, the New York City police never repaired a single broken window, fixed up a single house, or cleaned one vacant lot (Grogan and Proscio, 2000). Furthermore, because of the new aggressive tactics, the city experienced illegal strip searches, extensive sums lost to police misconduct charges, clogged courts and countless traumatic encounters for innocent, ordinary individuals (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, the implementation of a policy of arrest may have had unintended consequences: Someone arrested for turnstile jumping may be fired for missing work; and strained police-civilian relations can create friction between the community and the police force that may be detrimental to solving crimes (ibid). However, this has not stopped cities across the world from emulating Broken Windows procedures, or, for that matter, Giuliani and the Manhattan Institute from exporting their policing philosophies to places like Latin America (despite reservations that what worked in an economic boom in the U.S. may not do as well in extremely poor cities undergoing violent crime and corrupt police) (Village Voice, 2002). The truth of the matter is that Broken Windows is not applicable everywhere, and even within the theory itself there are vagaries, namely the categories of disorder and the disorderly. The concepts are not well-defined; while we identify certain acts as disorderly – panhandling, public drunkenness, litter, prostitution – others – police brutality, tax evasion, accounting fraud – we do not. In addition, the acts themselves are sometimes ambiguous. For example, while people loitering on a buildings front steps or the presence graffiti may signify that a community is disorderly, it is only if they are seen as such. In some neighbourhoods, people loitering may represent strong community bonds, and graffiti may be seen as an art form, or as political or social commentary. The darker truth about Broken Windows is that it attempts to enforce an aesthetically sterile and safe environment, in which one community looks like the next looks like the next. While no one can argue that panhandlers, prostitutes and homeless people, along with litter, dirt and broken windows themselves are not eyesores, their removal is not necessarily a sign of progress. And for those subject to countless and unnecessary searches, acts of intimidation, arrests, imprisonments and the like, it is anything but. Bibliography Bratton, William J. Turnaround: How Americas Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998. Conklin, John E. Criminology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. DePalma, Anthony. The Americas Court: a Group That Changed New York. The New York Times, Nov. 11, 2002. Felton, Earls. National Public Radio, Weekend Edition. Jan. 17, 2004. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. The New Yorker, June 3, 1996. Gootman, Elissa. A Police Departments Growing Allure: Crime Fighters From Around World Visit for Tips. The New York Times, Oct. 24, 2000. Greene, Judith A. Zero-Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City. Crime and Delinquency 45, 1999. Grogan, Paul, and Proscio, Tony. Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Boulder: Westview Press, 2000. Harcourt, Bernard. Policing Disorder: Can We Reduce Serious Crime by Punishing Petty Offenses? Boston Review, April/May, 2002. Hurley, Dan. Scientist at Work – Felton Earls: On Crime as Science (A Neighbor at a Time). The New York Times, Jan. 6, 2004. Jenkins, Daniel. Community Policing Problems: Most People Dont Want to Become Involved. The Sunday News, June 30, 2002. Joanes, Ana. Does the New York City Police Department Deserve Credit for the Decline in New York Citys Homicide Rates? A Cross-City Comparison of Policing Strategies and Homicide Rates. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 33, 1999. Kelling, George L. and Coles, Catherine M. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press, 199